Research Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30597865/ Summary: In a short-term energy deficit, high protein intake does not provide additional satiety for resistance-trained individuals Key Findings: High protein intake did not provide additional satiety during a short-term energy deficit. There were no significant differences in satiety, hunger, or desire to eat between the two protein levels. Absolute ghrelin levels significantly decreased post-meal with the PROMOD diet. PYY levels increased after high-protein meals in both PROMOD and PROHIGH. The desire to eat was more suppressed after meals in the PROMOD diet. PROHIGH did not offer additional satiety benefits compared to PROMOD. High-protein diets do not increase satiety over the long term. Changes in ghrelin and PYY were more pronounced with the PROMOD diet. Once protein needs are met, extra intake does not significantly increase satiety. Fiber-rich carbohydrates may maintain satiety better than additional protein. Conclusion: 1.8g/kg of protein intake is sufficient to maintain satiety. High-protein diets offer no additional satiety benefits. Ghrelin and PYY responses were more favorable with the PROMOD diet. Excessively high protein intake is not effective. Fiber-rich carbohydrates are more beneficial for satiety.

Research link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34135111/ Summary: Fasting offers no additional benefits over calorie restriction in terms of weight loss, fat reduction, or autophagy. Key Points: Comparison of the effects of 24-hour fasting and calorie restriction on metabolism and body composition. The fasting group showed weight loss but less fat reduction. The calorie restriction group showed greater reductions in both weight and fat. The group that fasted without calorie restriction had minimal weight and fat loss. No significant difference in autophagy-related gene expression between groups. No noticeable difference in cardiovascular health or metabolic regulation markers. Continuous calorie restriction is more effective for fat loss than fasting. Fasting shows no additional metabolic or cardiovascular health advantages. Fasting is not superior to calorie restriction in inducing autophagy. Evidence suggests fasting is not a magical weight loss tool. Conclusion: Fasting leads to less fat loss compared to calorie restriction. No difference in autophagy induction between the two methods. Calorie restriction is more effective for weight loss. No major differences in cardiovascular and metabolic health markers between the two. There is insufficient evidence that fasting is superior to calorie restriction.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37676198/ Summary Walking at least 2,600 steps a day benefits heart health and reduces mortality, with gains increasing up to 8,800 steps. Key points Walking 2,600 steps per day significantly reduces mortality. 2,800 steps lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Mortality benefits increase up to 8,800 steps. Cardiovascular risk reduction peaks at 7,200 steps. Moderate or fast walking pace benefits mortality reduction more than slow pace. Step counts positively impact health regardless of gender. Hip-worn accelerometers provide more accurate health predictions than wrist-worn ones. Significant health improvements are observed starting at 2,600 steps compared to 2,000. Step count is a simple activity measure, but the direct causal link to health improvement isn't certain. Breaking up sedentary time by walking may be more important than a high step count. Conclusion Walking more than 2,600 steps daily reduces mortality and cardiovascular disease risk. Health benefits increase as step count rises, up to 8,800 steps. Hip-worn accelerometers provide the most accurate health risk predictions. Faster walking pace offers additional mortality reduction benefits. Consistent physical activity is more important than just aiming for a high step count.

Summary Squatting with bands is neither effective for reducing knee valgus nor for developing glutes, and may even worsen the problem. Key Points Band use can actually increase knee valgus rather than reduce it. Evidence linking knee valgus to injury is theoretical. Knee valgus can occur in elite lifters and doesn’t necessarily indicate poor technique. Knee valgus might be a biomechanical response for efficient force transmission. Stronger bands can result in greater knee valgus. Using bands for glute development is ineffective. Squats already provide sufficient glute stimulation; bands may reduce this effect. For better glute development, separate hip abduction exercises are more effective. Bands may interfere with the development of other muscles. To avoid knee valgus, don’t forcefully pull knees inward with bands. Conclusion Knee valgus does not necessarily increase injury risk. Using bands is inefficient for reducing knee valgus. Bands are unlikely to significantly impact glute development. Squats alone provide adequate glute stimulation. Separate hip abduction exercises are more effective than using bands. Terms Knee Valgus: A condition where the knees cave inward during movements like squats, often due to muscle imbalances in the hips and legs.

SUMMARY: Insufficient sleep significantly hampers fat loss and accelerates muscle loss, undermining the effectiveness of dietary efforts to reduce adiposity. KEY FINDINGS: Reduced sleep leads to a 50% increase in muscle loss compared to adequate sleep. Participants with restricted sleep lost 2.4 kg fat-free mass but only 0.6 kg fat. Adequately rested participants lost 1.5 kg fat-free mass and 1.4 kg fat. Both groups consumed identical diets with a major energy deficit (90% of BMR). Total weight loss was similar across both groups (~3 kg). Sleep quality plays a critical role in nutrient partitioning during weight loss. The study lasted 2 weeks in a controlled sleep research laboratory. The super-sleeper group showed balanced fat and muscle loss. Sleep is more critical than dietary macronutrient distribution in fat loss. The fitness community underestimates the importance of sleep in weight management. CONCLUSION: Adequate sleep is crucial for effective fat loss and muscle preservation. Sleep deprivation undermines dietary efforts to reduce body fat. Prioritizing sleep can improve nutrient partitioning during weight loss. Both sleep and diet must be considered for successful body composition changes. The fitness industry needs to emphasize the role of sleep in achieving optimal results. KEYWORDS: sleep study, muscle loss, fat loss, dietary efforts, nutrient partitioning, sleep deprivation, body composition, controlled lab study, weight loss, fitness.

SUMMARY: Mitochondrial polyP depletion exacerbates neuronal senescence; dietary restriction activates AMPK but doesn't reverse senescence in affected neurons. KEY FINDINGS: Neuronal senescence significantly contributes to neurodegenerative disorders and aging. Dysregulated mitochondrial function plays a pivotal role in neuronal senescence. Dietary restriction shows promise in mitigating neuronal senescence through mitochondrial function preservation. Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is crucial for mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. Depletion of mitochondrial polyP correlates with increased senescence in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. Short-term starvation (STS) restores some mitochondrial functions in polyP-depleted cells but not senescence. Increased levels of AMPK are observed with STS in polyP-depleted cells. Mitochondrial function and energy metabolism are affected by polyP levels. Male C57BL/6 mice show increased polyP levels and AMPK activation after intermittent fasting. Findings suggest targeting mitochondrial polyP metabolism could help combat neuronal senescence. CONCLUSION: Mitochondrial polyP depletion triggers neuronal senescence. Dietary restriction benefits mitochondrial function but doesn't fully revert increased senescence. AMPK activation may serve as a protective mechanism in polyP-depleted neurons. Mitochondrial health is crucial for neuronal longevity and function. Further research on polyP could uncover therapeutic targets against neurodegeneration. KEYWORDS: neurons, mitochondrial function, dietary restriction, neurodegeneration, senescence, inorganic polyphosphate, AMPK, aging, fasting, energy metabolism

SUMMARY: Strength training effectively improves body composition and strength in obese women, with similar fat loss and cardiovascular benefits as cardio. KEY FINDINGS: Strength training significantly increased fat-free mass and decreased body fat percentage. Both strength and cardio training resulted in similar fat mass and waist circumference reduction. Cardiovascular health improved similarly in both the strength and cardio groups. Strength training led to greater increases in overall strength, especially in the bench press. Muscle mass growth from strength training enhances long-term fat loss and resting energy expenditure. Strength training potentially suppresses appetite more than cardio. No constrained energy expenditure was noted with strength training, unlike cardio. The combination of resistance and aerobic training was most effective for body composition improvements. Strength training interventions showed the highest effectiveness for cardiorespiratory fitness. Incorporating resistance training is crucial for comprehensive health improvements in obese women. CONCLUSION: Strength training enhances muscle mass and fat loss effectively. Combining resistance and aerobic exercises yields the best overall health outcomes. Strength training improves cardiovascular health comparably to cardio. Appetite suppression and energy expenditure benefits are notable in strength training. Resistance training is vital for achieving significant health improvements in obese women. T/L Note EXOFFIT refers to 'Exercise for Obese Females: Improving Fitness and Health'

SUMMARY: A meta-analysis investigates the relationship between dietary protein intake and chronic kidney disease risk, revealing uncertain associations. KEY FINDINGS: Dietary protein intake may influence the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The exact relationship between protein intake and CKD incidence is unclear. Total protein intake is a focus of the meta-analysis. Distinctions are made between plant and animal protein sources. The study is the first meta-analysis on this topic. Correlations among different protein types and CKD risk are explored. Findings may guide dietary recommendations for CKD patients. Further research is needed to clarify these associations. Protein consumption patterns could impact kidney health. The analysis contributes to understanding dietary influences on CKD. CONCLUSION: Dietary protein type may affect chronic kidney disease risk. Uncertainty remains regarding protein intake and CKD incidence. The meta-analysis provides foundational insights for future studies. Distinguishing between plant and animal protein is crucial. Findings could inform dietary guidelines for kidney health.

iewSUMMARY: Wim Hof's Method offers potential benefits for physical and mental health, as explored in systematic reviews of related studies. KEY FINDINGS: WHM combines breathing techniques, cold exposure, and meditation for health benefits. Studies suggest improved immune response through the practice of WHM. Participants report reduced stress and anxiety levels after WHM training. Enhanced physical performance has been observed in athletes practicing WHM. WHM may aid in pain management and recovery from injuries. Increased focus and mental clarity are reported by WHM practitioners. Cold exposure in WHM is linked to improved cardiovascular health. WHM shows potential in managing symptoms of depression. Regular practice of WHM can boost overall well-being and resilience. Further research is needed to fully understand WHM's long-term effects. CONCLUSION: WHM can positively impact both physical and mental health. Practicing WHM may enhance immune function and reduce stress. Athletes can benefit from improved performance through WHM. WHM may serve as a complementary approach for pain management. Continued research is essential to validate WHM's health claims. KEYWORDS: Wim Hof, cold exposure, breathing techniques, mental health, physical health, immune response, stress reduction, meditation, performance enhancement, resilience

SUMMARY: Conventional obesity treatments often fail due to biological responses; a carbohydrate-insulin model suggests alternative dietary strategies for effective weight management. KEY FINDINGS: Conventional obesity treatment relies on calorie restriction and increased physical activity. Long-term weight loss success is rare with traditional methods. Calorie restriction triggers biological responses that hinder weight loss. The carbohydrate-insulin model suggests high carbs lead to fat storage. Increased insulin levels promote hunger and reduce metabolic rate. Energy partitioning shifts towards fat storage with high carbohydrate intake. Common obesity forms result from gradual weight gain through this mechanism. Low-fat diets may not address the root causes of obesity. Lowering insulin secretion could enhance weight management effectiveness. The article is part of a broader discussion on obesity causes. CONCLUSION: Traditional weight loss methods often fail due to biological counter-responses. A high-carbohydrate diet can lead to increased fat storage. Understanding insulin's role is crucial for effective weight management. Alternative dietary strategies may improve long-term obesity outcomes. Addressing underlying causes of obesity is essential for sustainable health. KEYWORDS: obesity, weight loss, insulin, carbohydrates, dietary strategies, metabolism, health, energy balance, chronic disease, nutrition

SUMMARY: Physical exercise shows limited effects on Alzheimer's biomarkers, but specific populations may benefit from targeted interventions. KEY FINDINGS: Exercise benefits on brain health are widely recognized but mechanisms are still debated. Study focused on exercise's impact on Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Selected biomarkers included beta-amyloid, tau, neurofilament light chain, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. No strong evidence of significant exercise effects on biomarkers in the general population. Women with obesity, pre-diabetes, or depression showed favorable changes in beta-amyloid levels. Cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid improvements noted in Alzheimer's allele carriers. Current evidence suggests exercise does not alter Alzheimer's pathophysiology for most older adults. Specific populations may experience positive effects from exercise interventions. Future research should include larger samples and long-term follow-ups. Other factors like diet and sedentary behavior need consideration in future studies. CONCLUSION: Exercise has limited overall impact on Alzheimer's biomarkers in older adults. Targeted exercise interventions may benefit specific populations. Further research is essential for conclusive evidence. Consideration of lifestyle factors is crucial for understanding exercise effects. Continued exploration of exercise's role in cognitive health is needed. KEYWORDS: brain health, Alzheimer's disease, exercise intervention, biomarkers, cognitive conditions, beta-amyloid, neurofilament, cerebrospinal fluid, older adults, metabolic disorders

SUMMARY: Long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users may experience significant cognitive deficits, particularly in visuospatial memory, correlated with total AAS dosage. KEY FINDINGS: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) enhance muscle mass but may cause cognitive deficits. Long-term AAS users showed impaired visuospatial memory compared to nonusers. Cognitive tests indicated no deficits in reaction time and verbal memory for AAS users. AAS use correlates significantly with poorer performance on Pattern Recognition Memory. Lifetime AAS dose negatively affects visuospatial memory performance in users. Study involved 31 male AAS users and 13 non-users, ages 29-55. No significant differences found between groups on sustained attention tests. Cognitive impairments raise concerns about long-term health risks of AAS usage. Prior studies indicated potential neurotoxicity in neuronal cells due to AAS exposure. Future research should focus on AAS impact on brain regions linked to memory. CONCLUSION: Long-term AAS exposure may be detrimental to cognitive function. Significant declines in visuospatial memory associated with higher AAS dosages. Preliminary findings suggest a potential public health concern. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and explore underlying mechanisms. Reference

SUMMARY: Exercise enhances all cognitive functions, showing notable benefits across age groups, with strength and endurance training both effective. KEY FINDINGS: Meta-analysis reviewed 54 trials with 6277 participants on exercise and cognitive functions. Exercise improves global cognition, executive function, memory, attention, and processing. Benefits are strongest in older adults but evident in all age groups. Strength training has the highest effect size for brain functioning. Endurance training is also effective and superior in some cognitive areas. Cognitive improvements are present across diverse exercise types. Exercise impacts both physical and mental well-being. The meta-analysis includes a wide range of cognitive domains. Results are significant for healthy adults and children too. Regular exercise is essential for overall personal development. CONCLUSION: Exercise benefits all cognitive functions across different age groups. Strength training shows the greatest overall improvement in brain function. Endurance training excels in specific cognitive subdomains. Both physical and mental health are enhanced by regular exercise. Comprehensive cognitive improvements highlight exercise's broad efficacy. Reference

In our fast-paced modern world, sleep often takes a backseat to other priorities. But a groundbreaking new study reveals that skimping on sleep could be sabotaging your weight loss efforts in surprising ways. The Study: Sleep Restriction During Calorie Restriction Researchers at the University of Chicago conducted a controlled study to examine how sleep duration affects body composition changes during calorie restriction. Ten overweight adults underwent two 14-day periods of moderate calorie restriction (eating 90% of their resting metabolic rate), while their sleep was set to either 8.5 or 5.5 hours per night. The results were eye-opening: With 8.5 hours of sleep, participants lost an average of 3.1 pounds of fat and 3.3 pounds of fat-free mass. With just 5.5 hours of sleep, they lost only 1.3 pounds of fat but 5.3 pounds of fat-free mass (mostly muscle). The Metabolic Effects of Sleep Loss The study uncovered several key ways that insufficient sleep undermines weight loss efforts: Increased hunger: Sleep-deprived participants reported feeling significantly hungrier. Reduced fat burning: Their respiratory quotient was higher, indicating less fat oxidation. Higher ghrelin levels: The "hunger hormone" ghrelin was elevated with sleep restriction. Lower resting metabolism: Resting metabolic rate decreased more than expected based on weight loss alone. Why Sleep Matters for Weight Loss Adequate sleep appears to play a crucial role in: Preserving lean muscle mass during calorie restriction Promoting fat oxidation Regulating hunger hormones Maintaining a healthy metabolism

In the complex world of obesity research, a groundbreaking study has unveiled fascinating insights into the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by adipose tissue. This article delves into the key findings of a comprehensive research project that sheds light on how these tiny cellular messengers may hold clues to understanding and potentially treating obesity-related disorders. The Hidden World of Extracellular Vesicles Extracellular vesicles are minuscule membrane-bound structures released by cells, acting as crucial communication vehicles in our bodies. Recent research has revealed that adipose tissue, commonly known as fat, is a significant source of these vesicles. But what role do they play in obesity? Visceral Fat: A Prolific EV Producer One of the study's most striking findings is that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) - the fat surrounding our internal organs - secretes more EVs than subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), the fat just beneath our skin. This discovery is particularly significant because VAT is strongly associated with metabolic complications in obesity. EVs as Lipid Transporters In a fascinating twist, the research revealed that adipose tissue EVs contain triacylglycerols (TAGs), suggesting they may play a role in lipid transport. This finding opens up new avenues for understanding how excess fat is mobilized in the body, potentially offering new targets for obesity treatment. Inflammation and EV Secretion The study also uncovered a link between inflammation and increased EV secretion. When exposed to inflammatory stimuli, adipocytes (fat cells) produced more EVs. This connection provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between obesity, inflammation, and metabolic disorders. Implications for Obesity Research and Treatment These findings have significant implications for our understanding of obesity and related metabolic disorders. By uncovering the role of EVs in adipose tissue communication and lipid transport, researchers have opened new avenues for potential diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of cellular communication in obesity, extracellular vesicles may prove to be a key piece of the puzzle. Their potential as biomarkers for obesity-related conditions and targets for novel treatments is an exciting prospect for future research.

Intermittent fasting (IF) and long-term fasting have garnered significant attention as potential strategies for weight loss and overall health improvement. With a plethora of information available, it can be challenging to discern the effectiveness of these fasting methods. This article delves into the scientific insights and practical considerations surrounding fasting for weight loss, particularly for a middle-aged male seeking to reduce body weight and enhance definition. Scientific Insights on Fasting and Weight Loss A comprehensive review by the International Society of Sports Nutrition, which examined various diet types including low fat, low carb, keto, and intermittent fasting, concluded that sustained caloric deficit is the primary driver of fat loss across all diets. The review emphasized: "There is a multitude of diet types and eating styles, whereby numerous subtypes fall under each major dietary archetype... Diets primarily focused on fat loss are driven by a sustained caloric deficit." In essence, any diet can be effective for weight loss as long as it involves consuming fewer calories than the body burns. This reinforces the fundamental principle that caloric intake versus expenditure is crucial for weight loss. Further, a systematic review by Seimon et al. compared intermittent energy restriction (IER) and continuous energy restriction (CER). The review, which included 40 studies, found that both IER and CER resulted in: "Apparently equivalent outcomes in terms of body weight reduction and body composition change." This indicates that the method of caloric restriction—whether intermittent or continuous—does not significantly impact fat loss outcomes. Practical Considerations and Personal Experience Fasting can offer various benefits, including improved discipline and cognitive function. However, it is essential to recognize that fasting is not a one-size-fits-all solution. Different individuals have varying preferences, goals, and circumstances, which means that the best diet is the one that an individual can consistently adhere to. Drawing from personal experience, intermittent fasting was a routine for 10 unbroken years, following a typical daily schedule of: 7am: Skipping breakfast 2pm: Eating lunch 3:30pm: Working out 6pm: Dinner 10pm: Greek yogurt/fruit This routine involved a 16-hour daily fast with an eight-hour eating window, maintaining stable body weight and visible abs. However, the key to success was not the fasting itself but the adherence to fundamental nutritional principles: Consuming protein with every meal Including vegetables with every meal Limiting carbs (primarily at dinner) Reducing fats (focusing on lean proteins)

In the realm of strength training and athletic performance, the concept of Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) and Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) has garnered significant attention. Recent research suggests that lower repetition training can offer performance benefits similar to those achieved through heavy-resistance lifts, such as those used in traditional 1-repetition maximum (1RM) training. This post delves into how utilizing lower repetitions can enhance performance effectively, offering practical insights for athletes and fitness enthusiasts. Understanding PAP and PAPE Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) refers to the temporary increase in muscle contraction strength following a high-intensity exercise. Essentially, after engaging in a high-load resistance exercise, muscles experience enhanced performance in subsequent activities. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE), a related concept, specifically highlights how certain exercises can temporarily boost strength and power. Key Findings Effective Performance Enhancement: Research indicates that PAPE, which involves a temporary boost in performance following specific exercises, can be effectively induced by lower repetition sets. For instance, using a 5-repetition maximum (5RM) set can produce similar performance improvements as traditional heavy-resistance exercises that involve 1RM. Mechanism Behind PAPE: The mechanism of PAPE involves an increase in muscle temperature and blood flow, which contributes to enhanced muscle performance. The temporary boost is linked to the efficiency of muscle contraction and the formation of cross-bridges during subsequent exercises. Advantages of Lower Repetition Training: Lower repetition training, such as using 5RM, has been shown to be practical and effective for inducing PAPE. This approach is not only more accessible but also offers similar benefits to those achieved through heavier, more intense resistance exercises. Application for All Athletes: PAPE strategies are not limited to elite athletes. Even recreational lifters can benefit from incorporating lower repetition sets into their training regimen. For instance, beginning with heavier weights during the warm-up and transitioning to lighter, higher-repetition exercises later in the session can optimize performance and strength gains. Practical Training Tips: To effectively utilize PAPE, consider starting your workout with heavier loads for fewer repetitions and then transitioning to lower loads with more repetitions. This method leverages the immediate performance boost from high-intensity exercises while maintaining overall workout effectiveness. Conclusion Incorporating lower repetition training into your routine can effectively boost performance, offering benefits comparable to those achieved through heavy-resistance lifts. By understanding the principles of PAP and PAPE, athletes and fitness enthusiasts can enhance their strength and power while optimizing their training efficiency. Whether you are a competitive athlete or a recreational lifter, exploring PAPE strategies with 5RM can provide valuable performance enhancements. References Lower Repetition Training and Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Understanding Post-Activation Potentiation The Role of Muscle Temperature in Performance Enhancement

In recent years, time-restricted eating (TRE) has gained significant attention as a potential strategy for weight loss and improved metabolic health. A recent randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of isocaloric, time-restricted eating on body weight in adults with obesity, offering new insights into this popular dietary approach. Study Overview The study, conducted over a 12-week period, aimed to explore whether restricting the eating window, without reducing caloric intake, would impact weight loss and metabolic health in obese adults. Participants were divided into two groups: one group consumed their daily calories throughout the day, while the other group consumed 80% of their daily calories before 1 PM. Key Findings No Significant Weight Loss Difference: The results indicated that there was no significant difference in weight loss between the two groups. Both groups experienced similar weight reductions, suggesting that the timing of calorie intake alone does not play a critical role in weight loss. Metabolic Health and Blood Sugar Control: Similar to weight loss, the study found no significant differences in blood sugar control between the two groups. This suggests that time-restricted eating, when isocaloric, does not significantly impact glycemic control. Caloric Intake Reduction as a Key Factor: The study highlighted that the effects of time-restricted eating on weight and metabolic health are primarily due to the reduction in caloric intake. This aligns with the general understanding that weight loss is driven by a calorie deficit rather than the timing of meals. Metabolic Flexibility: One of the intriguing findings was the role of metabolic flexibility in the effectiveness of time-restricted eating. Participants with higher metabolic flexibility, or the ability to switch between burning carbohydrates and fats efficiently, were more successful in adhering to the fasting protocol and experienced better outcomes. Individual Variability: The study emphasized the significant individual variability in response to time-restricted eating. Some participants with lower metabolic flexibility tended to overeat after the fasting period, which could negate the potential benefits of TRE. Implications for Weight Loss and Health The findings of this study suggest that while time-restricted eating can be a viable approach for some individuals, it is not a one-size-fits-all solution. The primary driver of weight loss remains a reduction in caloric intake. However, understanding one's metabolic flexibility can provide valuable insights into the potential success of TRE. Conclusion Time-restricted eating, when caloric intake is controlled, does not significantly impact weight loss or blood sugar control in obese adults. The study reinforces that calorie reduction is crucial for weight loss, and metabolic flexibility plays a vital role in how individuals respond to TRE. More research is needed to further elucidate the impact of metabolic flexibility on the effectiveness of fasting protocols. References Effect of Isocaloric, Time-Restricted Eating on Body Weight in Adults With Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial Further insights into time-restricted eating Understanding metabolic flexibility