데이터의 예술: 역사를 바꾼 10가지 놀라운 시각화

Wed, 02 Oct 2024 14:07:55 GMT

# 데이터의 예술: 역사를 바꾼 10가지 놀라운 시각화

본 연구에서는 데이터 시각화의 역사를 바꾼 10가지 주목할 만한 사례를 분석한다. 이들 사례는 단순한 숫자 데이터를 시각적으로 표현함으로써 어떻게 강력한 인사이트를 제공하고 사회적 변화를 이끌어낼 수 있는지를 보여준다.

[데이터의 아름다움: 역사상 최고로 꼽히는 10가지 데이터 시각화의 예](https://www.tableau.com/ko-kr/learn/articles/best-beautiful-data-visualization-examples)

위 Tableau의 페이지를 아래과 같이 새롭게 단장해 보았다.

[데이터 시각화 갤러리](https://reasonofmoon.github.io/data_visual/)

## 1. 나폴레옹의 러시아 원정: 전쟁의 비극을 한 눈에

Charles Joseph Minard가 1869년에 제작한 이 그래픽은 나폴레옹의 1812년 러시아 원정을 시각화한 것이다. 이 시각화는 군대의 규모, 이동 경로, 기온 변화 등 여러 변수를 하나의 이미지에 효과적으로 담아내고 있다. 특히, 출정 시 422,000명이었던 군대가 귀환 시 10,000명으로 감소한 것을 직관적으로 보여줌으로써 전쟁의 참혹함을 강렬하게 전달한다.

## 2. 존 스노우의 콜레라 지도: 역학 조사의 선구자

1854년 런던의 콜레라 발병을 조사한 존 스노우의 지도는 현대 역학 조사의 기초가 되었다. 이 지도는 콜레라 사망자의 위치와 급수 펌프의 위치를 표시함으로써, 특정 펌프와 콜레라 발병 사이의 연관성을 시각적으로 명확히 보여주었다. 이를 통해 콜레라가 오염된 물을 통해 전파된다는 사실을 입증하였다.

## 3. 플로렌스 나이팅게일의 장미 다이어그램: 의료 개혁의 촉매제

크림 전쟁 당시 군인들의 사망 원인을 분석한 플로렌스 나이팅게일의 '장미 다이어그램'은 혁신적인 시각화 사례이다. 이 다이어그램은 대부분의 사망이 전투가 아닌 예방 가능한 질병으로 인한 것임을 명확히 보여주었다. 이 시각화는 군대 의료 체계 개선의 필요성을 효과적으로 전달하여 실질적인 변화를 이끌어냈다.

## 4. 조셉 프리스틀리의 새로운 역사 차트: 시간의 흐름을 한 눈에

1769년 조셉 프리스틀리가 제작한 '새로운 역사 차트'는 기원전 1년부터 1800년까지의 역사를 시각화한 혁신적인 작품이다. 이 차트는 시간의 흐름에 따른 제국의 흥망성쇠와 주요 인물들의 생애를 평행선으로 표현하여, 역사적 사건들의 동시성과 연속성을 효과적으로 보여준다.

## 5. 미국 정부 예산의 대화형 시각화: 복잡한 재정을 쉽게 이해하기

2016년 미국 정부가 공개한 대화형 예산 트리맵은 복잡한 정부 예산을 일반 시민들이 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 시각화한 사례이다. 이 시각화는 정부 지출의 우선순위와 규모를 직관적으로 보여줌으로써, 재정 정책에 대한 대중의 이해를 높이는 데 기여하였다.

## 6. '바빌론 이후': 언어의 다양성을 탐험하다

'바빌론 이후' 프로젝트는 전 세계 2,678개 언어의 분포와 관계를 시각화한 작품이다. 이 시각화는 언어의 지리적 분포, 계통, 사용자 수 등 다양한 정보를 통합적으로 보여줌으로써, 세계 언어의 다양성과 복잡성을 효과적으로 전달한다.

## 7. '다음 세대의 미국': 인구 변화의 동적 시각화

Pew 연구 센터의 '다음 세대의 미국' 프로젝트는 미국의 인구 구조 변화를 동적으로 시각화한 작품이다. 이 시각화는 연령, 인종, 이민 상태 등 다양한 요소의 변화를 시간에 따라 보여줌으로써, 미국 사회의 장기적인 변화 추세를 이해하는 데 도움을 준다.

## 8. 영화 속 성별 격차: 데이터로 본 할리우드의 현실

2,000편의 영화 대본을 분석한 이 프로젝트는 영화 산업 내 성별 불평등 문제를 데이터로 입증하였다. 여성 캐릭터의 대사량이 남성에 비해 현저히 적다는 사실을 시각적으로 보여줌으로써, 영화 산업의 구조적 문제를 효과적으로 드러냈다.

## 9. '도시 셀카': 글로벌 문화 현상의 비교 분석

전 세계 12만 장의 셀카를 분석한 '도시 셀카' 프로젝트는 현대 사회의 문화적 현상을 데이터로 해석한 사례이다. 이 시각화는 도시별, 연령별, 성별 등 다양한 기준으로 셀카 촬영 방식의 차이를 보여줌으로써, 글로벌 문화의 다양성과 공통점을 동시에 드러낸다.

## 10. 2080년까지의 모든 일식: 천체 현상의 예측과 시각화

워싱턴 포스트가 제작한 이 시각화는 2080년까지 발생할 모든 일식을 애니메이션으로 보여준다. 이는 복잡한 천체의 움직임을 이해하기 쉽게 표현함으로써, 과학적 현상에 대한 대중의 관심과 이해를 높이는 데 기여한다.

결론적으로, 이들 10가지 데이터 시각화 사례는 복잡한 정보를 효과적으로 전달하고, 새로운 인사이트를 제공하며, 때로는 사회적 변화를 이끌어내는 데이터 시각화의 잠재력을 보여준다. 이는 데이터 시각화가 단순한 정보 전달 도구를 넘어, 강력한 커뮤니케이션 및 의사결정 도구로 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

#데이터시각화 #DataViz #인포그래픽 #데이터스토리텔링 #빅데이터 #DataScience #역사속데이터 #창의적시각화 #데이터예술 #DataArt

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## NotebookLM

### Summary

The text is a list of different data visualizations, each showcasing a particular topic. Some examples include mapping the journey of Napoleon's army during his Russian campaign, highlighting the origins of a cholera outbreak in London, and visually representing the causes of death during the Crimean War. Other examples include depicting historical events over time, analyzing the gender distribution in movie dialogue, and visually predicting future solar eclipses. These data visualizations provide compelling insights into various aspects of history, science, culture, and the future.

### Briefing Doc

### Main Themes:

Historical Events & Trends: The gallery showcases visualizations that illuminate historical events like Napoleon's Russian campaign, the 1854 London cholera outbreak, and the Crimean War. It also includes visualizations tracking linguistic evolution and demographic shifts, demonstrating the power of data visualization in understanding past trends and their ongoing impact.
Social & Cultural Insights: Several visualizations delve into societal structures and cultural practices. Examples include analyzing gender representation in film dialogue through "Movie Dialogue Gender Analysis Visualization" and comparing selfie cultures across cities in the "Selfiecity" project.

Scientific Discovery & Public Understanding: The gallery emphasizes how data visualization aids scientific discovery and enhances public understanding of complex information. John Snow's cholera map exemplifies using visualization to pinpoint an outbreak's source. Similarly, visualizing future solar eclipses aids scientific prediction and fosters public interest in astronomical phenomena.

Important Ideas/Facts:

Impact of Pioneering Visualizations: The gallery highlights seminal works in data visualization, like Minard's map of Napoleon's Russian campaign and Nightingale's Crimean War mortality diagram. These visualizations demonstrate the enduring power of visual representations in conveying complex data effectively.

Evolution of Data Visualization: From Priestley's historical charts to modern interactive government budget visualizations, the gallery showcases the evolution of data visualization techniques and their increasing sophistication.
Diverse Applications: The visualizations included span a wide range of applications, covering historical analysis, public health, demographics, cultural studies, and astronomical prediction. This diversity underscores the flexibility and utility of data visualization across various disciplines.
Quotes:

The excerpt describes Charles Minard's visualization as a "famous visualization" that "shows the advance and retreat of Napoleon's army," highlighting its significance in the field.
John Snow's map is praised as an "innovative map" that "revealed the cause of the cholera outbreak," emphasizing its crucial role in epidemiological discovery.
Conclusion:

The "Data Visualization Gallery" offers a compelling glimpse into the power of data visualization to illuminate historical events, reveal social patterns, advance scientific understanding, and enhance communication across diverse fields. The gallery underscores the enduring influence of pioneering visualizations while highlighting the continuous evolution and expanding applications of data visualization in the modern world.

### Data Visualization Gallery Study Guide

Instructions: Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.

1. What makes Charles Minard's visualization of Napoleon's Russian campaign so renowned?
1.

2. What was the significance of John Snow's map of the 1854 London cholera outbreak?
2.

3. How did Florence Nightingale's work contribute to the field of data visualization?

4. What is the main purpose of Joseph Priestley's "New Chart of History"?
4.

5. Provide an example of how modern data visualization helps to understand complex information, using the "Interactive Government Budget Visualization" as a reference.
5.

6. What kind of insights can be gained from the "After Babylon: Visualizing Languages Globally" project?
6.

7. How does "Next America: Visualizing Demographic Change" use data visualization to inform viewers?
7.

8. What societal issues are highlighted by data visualizations like the "Gender Breakdown in Movie Dialogue" project?
8.

9. Explain the concept behind the "Selfiecity" project and its approach to data visualization.
9.

10. What makes "A Day in the Life of Every Food: Visualized Predictions" a unique example of data visualization?
10.

### Answer Key

1. Minard's visualization is renowned for its multi-faceted approach, simultaneously depicting the size of Napoleon's army, its geographic movement, and the devastating losses suffered during the campaign. This layered approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the campaign's progression and disastrous outcome.

2. John Snow's map was groundbreaking because it visually pinpointed the source of the cholera outbreak to a specific water pump on Broad Street. This challenged prevailing theories about disease transmission and highlighted the importance of sanitation and clean water sources.

3. Florence Nightingale revolutionized data visualization in healthcare with her "coxcomb" diagram, clearly showing that more soldiers died from preventable diseases than from battle wounds during the Crimean War. Her work emphasized the importance of sanitation and hospital reforms.
3.

4. Joseph Priestley's "New Chart of History" aimed to present a chronological overview of major historical events, making it easier to visualize and understand the flow of history and the relationships between different periods and civilizations.
4.

5. The "Interactive Government Budget Visualization" takes complex government budget data and presents it in an accessible, user-friendly format. Interactive charts and graphs allow viewers to explore spending allocations across different sectors, promoting transparency and understanding of government finances.
5.

6. "After Babylon: Visualizing Languages Globally" provides insights into the distribution, evolution, and interconnectedness of languages worldwide. This can illuminate historical migrations, cultural exchanges, and the potential future of linguistic diversity.
6.

7. "Next America: Visualizing Demographic Change" uses interactive maps, charts, and graphs to depict the evolving demographics of the United States. It highlights trends in age, race, ethnicity, and geographic distribution, informing viewers about the changing social fabric of the nation.

8. Projects like the "Gender Breakdown in Movie Dialogue" visualize the disparity in representation and speaking time between male and female characters in film. This highlights gender inequality in media and its potential impact on societal perceptions and biases.

9. "Selfiecity" explores the global phenomenon of selfie culture through data visualization. By analyzing selfies from different cities, the project identifies patterns in pose, expression, and background, revealing insights into cultural norms and self-representation in the digital age.
9.

10. "A Day in the Life of Every Food: Visualized Predictions" uses data visualization to predict future food consumption patterns. This project combines data on population growth, dietary trends, and environmental factors to illustrate the potential challenges and opportunities facing global food systems.

Essay Questions

Compare and contrast the approaches to data visualization used by Charles Minard in his depiction of Napoleon’s Russian Campaign and Florence Nightingale’s Crimean War mortality diagram. How did their choices in visual representation help convey their respective messages effectively?

Data visualization is often lauded for its ability to make complex information accessible to a wider audience. Discuss how projects like the “Interactive Government Budget Visualization” and “Next America: Visualizing Demographic Change” utilize this potential.

Explore the ethical considerations surrounding data visualization. How can biases be introduced or mitigated through visual representations of data? Use examples from the provided source material or your own research to support your arguments.

The “After Babylon” and “Selfiecity” projects showcase the diverse applications of data visualization beyond traditional fields like science and statistics. Discuss how these projects exemplify the potential of data visualization to provide insights into cultural trends, human behavior, and global interconnectedness.

Data visualization can be a powerful tool for social change. Analyze how projects like “Gender Breakdown in Movie Dialogue” and “A Day in the Life of Every Food: Visualized Predictions” utilize data visualization to raise awareness about important social and environmental issues.

Glossary of Key Terms

Data Visualization: The practice of representing data visually to facilitate understanding and analysis.

Infographic: A visual representation of information or data designed to present complex information quickly and clearly.

Choropleth Map: A type of map that uses color shading to represent data values across different geographic areas.

Timeline: A visual representation of events in chronological order, often used to illustrate historical progressions.

Interactive Visualization: A data visualization that allows users to interact with and explore the data in dynamic ways.

Demographic Data: Statistical data relating to the structure and characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, ethnicity, and income.

Cultural Trends: Patterns of behavior, beliefs, and practices that are prevalent within a particular group or society.

Social Impact: The effect that actions or events have on the well-being of individuals and communities.

Data Ethics: The moral principles and guidelines that inform responsible practices in data collection, analysis, and representation.

Bias in Data Visualization: The potential for visual representations of data to be misleading or to perpetuate existing prejudices due to conscious or unconscious choices in data selection, analysis, or presentation.

> Data Visualization FAQ

1. What is the significance of Minard's map of Napoleon's Russian campaign?
1. Charles Minard's visualization of Napoleon's Russian campaign is renowned for its depiction of the army's devastating losses. By representing the army's size with the width of a line that follows its geographical movement, the map starkly illustrates the dwindling troops throughout the campaign.
1.

2. How did John Snow's map revolutionize our understanding of cholera?
2. In 1854, John Snow created a map of a cholera outbreak in London that pinpointed the source to a contaminated water pump on Broad Street. This visualization was revolutionary as it directly challenged prevailing beliefs about disease transmission and highlighted the importance of data visualization in public health.
2.

3. What makes Florence Nightingale's Crimean War diagram noteworthy?
3. Florence Nightingale's "coxcomb" diagrams were groundbreaking for their visual representation of death causes during the Crimean War. By illustrating how most deaths resulted from preventable diseases rather than combat wounds, she effectively advocated for improved sanitary conditions in military hospitals.
3.

4. What is the purpose of a historical timeline chart like the one by Joseph Priestley?
4. Joseph Priestley's timeline chart aimed to present historical events chronologically, providing a clear and concise understanding of historical sequences. Modern versions often use interactive elements to allow users to explore specific periods or events in more detail.
4.

5. How can complex data, like government budgets, be made easier to grasp?
5. Modern data visualization techniques allow for the simplification of large datasets like government budgets. By employing interactive charts, graphs, and treemaps, these visualizations provide an intuitive way for citizens to understand how public funds are allocated and spent.
5.

6. What kind of insights can be gained from visualizing language distribution like in "After Babylon"?
6. "After Babylon" is a complex visualization that showcases the distribution and relationships between languages worldwide. By mapping this data, the project reveals global language patterns, linguistic diversity, and potential insights into cultural exchange and historical migration.
6.

7. How can visualizations help us understand demographic changes, such as in "Next America"?
7. Visualizations like those in "Next America" allow for a dynamic understanding of population shifts. Through interactive maps, charts, and animations, viewers can grasp complex trends like aging populations, migration patterns, and increasing ethnic diversity more readily.
7.

8. Why is it important to analyze gender representation in media, as seen in the film dialogue visualization?
8. Visualizing gender disparity in film dialogue exposes the underrepresentation of women in media. By quantifying speaking time, these visualizations highlight an important aspect of gender inequality, prompting discussions about representation and potentially influencing more balanced portrayals in the future.

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Dialogue

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