To address the agricultural and ecological damage caused by the spread of the invasive spotted lanternfly (SLF), we developed LanternNet, an autonomous robot system. LanternNet is a hub-and-spoke system consisting of a central hub and three specialized robots. Using a YOLOv8-based computer vision model, LanternNet accurately identifies SLF and performs tasks such as pest removal, environmental monitoring, and navigation/mapping. In a five-week field experiment, LanternNet significantly reduced SLF populations (p < 0.01, paired t-tests) and improved tree health compared to conventional pest control methods. It is economically efficient and highly scalable, and has high applicability to other invasive species management.